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Creating, Writing and Reading Jena TDB2 Datasets

April 10, 2018 12:47 pm / Leave a comment

Jena TDB2 can be used as an RDF datastore. Note that TDB (version 1 of Jena TDB) and TDB2 are not compatible with each other. TDB2 is per definition transactional (while TDB is not). In this post I give a simple example that

create a new Jena TDB2 dataset,
create a write transaction and write data to the datastore,
create a read transaction and read the data from the datastore, and
release resources associated with the dataset on writing and reading is done.

Create TDB2 Dataset

To create a Jena TDB2 dataset, we use the TDB2Factory. Note that the class name is TDB2Factory and not TDBFactory. We need to specify a directory where our dataset will be created. Multiple datasets cannot be written to the same directory.

Path path = Paths.get(".").toAbsolutePath().normalize();      
String dbDir = path.toFile().getAbsolutePath() + "/db/"; 
Location location = Location.create(dbDir);      
Dataset dataset = TDB2Factory.connectDataset(location);

Create WRITE Transaction and Write

dataset.begin(ReadWrite.WRITE);
UpdateRequest updateRequest = UpdateFactory.create(
  "INSERT DATA {<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Grace_Hopper> " 
  + "<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> \"Grace Hopper\" .}");
UpdateProcessor updateProcessor = 
  UpdateExecutionFactory.create(updateRequest, dataset);
updateProcessor.execute();
dataset.commit();

Create READ Transaction and Read

dataset.begin(ReadWrite.READ);
QueryExecution qe = QueryExecutionFactory
  .create("SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE {?s ?p ?o .}", dataset);
for (ResultSet results = qe.execSelect(); results.hasNext();) {
  QuerySolution qs = results.next();
  String strValue = qs.get("?o").toString();
  logger.trace("value = " + strValue);
}

Release Dataset Resources and Run Application

The dataset resources can be release calling close() on the dataset.

dataset.close();

Running the application will cause a /db directory to be create in the directory from where you run your application, which consists of the various files that represent your dataset.

Conclusion

In this post I have given a simple example creating a TDB2 dataset and writing to and reading from it. This code can be found on github.

Creating a Remote Repository for GraphDB with RDF4J Programmatically

April 9, 2018 11:10 am / Leave a comment

In my previous post I have detailed how you can create a local Ontotext GraphDB repository using RDF4J. I indicated that there are some problems when creating a local repository. Therefore, in this post I will detail how to create a remote Ontotext GraphDB repository using RDF4J. As with creating a local repository, there are three steps:

Create a configuration file, which is as for local repositories.
Create pom.xml file, which is as for local repositories.
Create the Java code.

The benefit of creating a remote repository is that it will be under the control of the Ontotext GraphDB Workbench. Hence, you will be able to monitor your repository from the Workbench.

Java Code

package org.graphdb.rdf4j.tutorial;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Iterator;

import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.Model;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.Resource;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.Statement;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.impl.TreeModel;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.util.Models;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.vocabulary.RDF;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.Repository;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.RepositoryConnection;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.config.RepositoryConfig;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.config.RepositoryConfigSchema;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.http.config.HTTPRepositoryConfig;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.manager.RemoteRepositoryManager;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.manager.RepositoryManager;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.manager.RepositoryProvider;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFFormat;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFParser;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.Rio;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.helpers.StatementCollector;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.Marker;
import org.slf4j.MarkerFactory;

public class CreateRemoteRepository {
  private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CreateRemoteRepository.class);
  // Why This Failure marker
  private static final Marker WTF_MARKER = MarkerFactory.getMarker("WTF");
	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {		
      Path path = Paths.get(".").toAbsolutePath().normalize();
      String strRepositoryConfig = path.toFile().getAbsolutePath() + "/src/main/resources/repo-defaults.ttl";
      String strServerUrl = "http://localhost:7200";
		
      // Instantiate a local repository manager and initialize it
      RepositoryManager repositoryManager  = RepositoryProvider.getRepositoryManager(strServerUrl);
      repositoryManager.initialize();
      repositoryManager.getAllRepositories();

      // Instantiate a repository graph model
      TreeModel graph = new TreeModel();

      // Read repository configuration file
      InputStream config = new FileInputStream(strRepositoryConfig);
      RDFParser rdfParser = Rio.createParser(RDFFormat.TURTLE);
      rdfParser.setRDFHandler(new StatementCollector(graph));
      rdfParser.parse(config, RepositoryConfigSchema.NAMESPACE);
      config.close();

      // Retrieve the repository node as a resource
      Resource repositoryNode =  Models.subject(graph
        .filter(null, RDF.TYPE, RepositoryConfigSchema.REPOSITORY))
        .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException(
            "Oops, no <http://www.openrdf.org/config/repository#> subject found!"));

		
      // Create a repository configuration object and add it to the repositoryManager		
      RepositoryConfig repositoryConfig = RepositoryConfig.create(graph, repositoryNode);
      repositoryManager.addRepositoryConfig(repositoryConfig);

      // Get the repository from repository manager, note the repository id 
      // set in configuration .ttl file
      Repository repository = repositoryManager.getRepository("graphdb-repo");

      // Open a connection to this repository
      RepositoryConnection repositoryConnection = repository.getConnection();

      // ... use the repository

      // Shutdown connection, repository and manager
      repositoryConnection.close();
      repository.shutDown();
      repositoryManager.shutDown();					
   } catch (Throwable t) {
     logger.error(WTF_MARKER, t.getMessage(), t);
   }		
  }
}

Conclusion

In this post I detailed how you can create remote repository for Ontotext GraphDB using RDF4J, as well as the benefit of creating a remote repository rather than a local repository. You can find the complete code of this example on github.

Creating a Local Repository for GraphDB with RDF4J Programmatically

April 9, 2018 10:13 am / Leave a comment

If you want to create a local repository for Ontotext GraphDB, according to the documentation. The are essentially 3 steps:

Create a configuration file.
Create a pom.xml file.
The Java code.

However, there are reasons why you may not want to do this, which I detail.

Configuration File

@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix rep: <http://www.openrdf.org/config/repository#>.
@prefix sr: <http://www.openrdf.org/config/repository/sail#>.
@prefix sail: <http://www.openrdf.org/config/sail#>.
@prefix owlim: <http://www.ontotext.com/trree/owlim#>.

[] a rep:Repository ;
  rep:repositoryID "graphdb-repo" ;
  rdfs:label "graphdb-repo-label" ;
  rep:repositoryImpl [
    rep:repositoryType "graphdb:FreeSailRepository" ;
    rep:repositoryType "owlim:MonitorRepository" ;
    sr:sailImpl [
      sail:sailType "graphdb:FreeSail" ;
       
      owlim:base-URL "http://myexample.ontotext.com/graphdb#" ;
      owlim:defaultNS "" ;
      owlim:entity-index-size "10000000" ;
      owlim:entity-id-size  "32" ;
      owlim:imports "" ;
      owlim:repository-type "file-repository" ;
      owlim:ruleset "owl-horst-optimized" ;
      owlim:storage-folder "storage" ;
  
      owlim:enable-context-index "true" ;
      owlim:cache-memory "256m" ;
      owlim:tuple-index-memory "224m" ;

      owlim:enablePredicateList "true" ;
      owlim:predicate-memory "32m" ;

      owlim:fts-memory "0" ;
      owlim:ftsIndexPolicy "never" ;
      owlim:ftsLiteralsOnly "true" ;

      owlim:in-memory-literal-properties "true" ;
      owlim:enable-literal-index "true" ;
      owlim:index-compression-ratio "-1" ;
           
      owlim:check-for-inconsistencies "false" ;
      owlim:disable-sameAs "false" ;
      owlim:enable-optimization "true" ;
      owlim:transaction-mode "safe" ;
      owlim:transaction-isolation "true" ;
      owlim:query-timeout "0" ;
      owlim:query-limit-results "0" ;
      owlim:throw-QueryEvaluationException-on-timeout "false" ;
      owlim:useShutdownHooks "true" ;
      owlim:read-only "false" ;
    ]
  ].

`pom.xml` File

   
   <dependency>
      <groupId>com.ontotext.graphdb</groupId>
      <artifactId>graphdb-free-runtime</artifactId>
      <version>8.4.1</version>
   </dependency>

Java Code

package org.graphdb.rdf4j.tutorial;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;

import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.Resource;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.impl.TreeModel;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.util.Models;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.vocabulary.RDF;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.Repository;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.RepositoryConnection;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.config.RepositoryConfig;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.config.RepositoryConfigSchema;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.manager.LocalRepositoryManager;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.repository.manager.RepositoryManager;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFFormat;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFParser;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.Rio;
import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.helpers.StatementCollector;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.Marker;
import org.slf4j.MarkerFactory;

public class CreateLocalRepository {
  private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CreateLocalRepository.class);
  // Why This Failure marker
  private static final Marker WTF_MARKER = MarkerFactory.getMarker("WTF");
	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {		
      Path path = Paths.get(".").toAbsolutePath().normalize();
      String strRepositoryConfig = path.toFile().getAbsolutePath() + 
          "/src/main/resources/repo-defaults.ttl";
		
      // Instantiate a local repository manager and initialize it
      RepositoryManager repositoryManager = new LocalRepositoryManager(new File("."));
      repositoryManager.initialize();

      // Instantiate a repository graph model
      TreeModel graph = new TreeModel();

      // Read repository configuration file
      InputStream config = new FileInputStream(strRepositoryConfig);
      RDFParser rdfParser = Rio.createParser(RDFFormat.TURTLE);
      rdfParser.setRDFHandler(new StatementCollector(graph));
      rdfParser.parse(config, RepositoryConfigSchema.NAMESPACE);
      config.close();

      // Retrieve the repository node as a resource
      Resource repositoryNode =  Models.subject(graph
         .filter(null, RDF.TYPE, RepositoryConfigSchema.REPOSITORY))
         .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException(
             "Oops, no <http://www.openrdf.org/config/repository#> subject found!"));

      // Create a repository configuration object and add it to the repositoryManager
      RepositoryConfig repositoryConfig = RepositoryConfig.create(graph, repositoryNode);
      repositoryManager.addRepositoryConfig(repositoryConfig);

      // Get the repository from repository manager, note the repository id
      // set in configuration .ttl file
      Repository repository = repositoryManager.getRepository("graphdb-repo");

      // Open a connection to this repository
      RepositoryConnection repositoryConnection = repository.getConnection();

      // ... use the repository

      // Shutdown connection, repository and manager
      repositoryConnection.close();
      repository.shutDown();
      repositoryManager.shutDown();					
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      logger.error(WTF_MARKER, t.getMessage(), t);
    }		
  }
}

Why you may not want to do this

new LocalRepositoryManager(new File(".")); will create a repository where ever your Java application is running from. This means the repository will not be under the control of your Ontotext GraphDB Workbench. Hence, you will not be able to run SPARQL queries or monitor your database from the Workbench. I am not aware of any way via which you can instruct GraphDB to look for repositories in an additional directory.

If you change the directory to $GRAPH DB INSTALL$/data/repositories, the repository will be under the control of Ontotext GraphDB (assuming you have a local GraphDB instance) only if GraphDB is not running. If you start GraphDB after running your program, you will be able to see the repository in GraphDB workbench.

Conclusion

In this post I have detailed how you can create an Ontext GraphDB repository using RDF4J and why you may not want to do this. In my next post I detail how
to create a remote repository, which addresses the problem I detailed here. You can find the complete code of this example on github.

Classification with SHACL Rules

March 15, 2018 7:22 pm / Leave a comment

In my previous post, Rule Execution with SHACL, we have looked at how SHACL rules can be utilized to make inferences. In this post we consider a more complex situation where SHACL rules are used to classify baked goods as vegan friendly or gluten free based on their ingredients.

Why use SHACL and not RDF/RDFS/OWL?

In my discussion I will only concentrate on the definition of vegan friendly baked goods since the translation to gluten free baked goods is similar. Gluten free baked goods are included to give a more representative example.

Essentially what we need to do is look at a baked good and determine whether it includes non-vegan friendly ingredients. If it includes no non-vegan friendly ingredients, we want to assume that it is a vegan friendly baked good. This kind of reasoning uses what is called closed world reasoning, i.e. when a fact does not follow from the data, it is assumed to be false. SHACL uses closed world reasoning and hence the reason for why it is a good fit for this problem.

RDF/RDFS/OWL uses open world reasoning, which means when a fact does not follow from data or schema, it cannot derive that the fact is necessarily false. Rather, it is both possible (1) that the fact holds but it is not captured in data (or schema), or (2) the fact does not hold. For this reason RDF/RDFS/OWL will only infer that a fact holds (or does not hold) if it explicitly stated in the data or can be derived from a combination of data and schema information. Hence, for this reason RDF/RDFS/OWL are not a good fit for this problem.

Baked Goods Data

Below are example baked goods RDF data:

Bakery RDF data

A couple of points are important w.r.t. the RDF data:

Note that we define both VeganFriendly and NonVeganFriendly ingredients to be able to identify ingredients completely. Importantly we state that VeganFriendly and NonVeganFriendly are disjoint so that we cannot inadvertently state that an ingredient is both VeganFriendly and NonVeganFriendly.
We state that AppleTartA–AppleTartD are of type BakedGood so that when we specify our rules, we can state that the rules are applicable only to instances of type BakedGood.
We enforce the domain and range for bakery:hasIngredient which results in whenever we say bakery:a bakery:hasIngredient bakery:b, the reasoner can infer that bakery:a is of type bakery:BakedGood and bakery:b is of type bakery:Ingredient.

Baked Good Rules

Now we define the shape of a baked good:

BakedGood shape

We state that bakery:BakedGood a rdfs:Class which is important to be able to apply rules to instances of bakery:BakedGood. We also state that bakery:BakedGood a sh:NodeShape which allows us to add shape and rule information to bakery:BakedGood. Note that our bakery:BakedGood shape state that a baked good has at least one property called bakery:hasIngredient with range bakery:Ingredient.

We now add a bakery:NonVeganFriendly shape

NonVeganFriendly shape

which we will use in the rule definition of bakery:BakedGood:

VeganBakedGood and NonVeganBakedGood rules

We add two rules, one for identifying a bakery:VeganBakedGood and one for a bakery:NonVeganBakedGood. Note that these rules are of type sh:TripleRule, which will infer the existence of a new triple if the rule is triggered. The first rule states that the subject of this triple is sh:this, which refers to instances of our bakery:BakedGood class. The predicate is rdf:type and the object is bakery:VeganBakedGood. So if this rule is triggered it will infer that an instance of bakery:BakedGood is also an instance of type bakery:VeganBakedGood.

Both rules have two conditions which instances must adhere to before these rules will trigger. These rules will only apply to instances of bakery:BakedGood according to the first condition. The second condition of the rule for bakery:VeganBakedGood checks for bakery:hasIngredient properties of the shape bakery:NonVeganFriendly. This ensures that the range of bakery:hasIngredient is of type bakery:NonVeganFriendly. If bakery:hasIngredient has a maximum count of 0, it will infer that this instance of bakery:BakedGood is of type bakery:VeganBakedGood. The rule for bakery:NonVeganBakedGood will also check for bakery:hasIngredient properties of the shape bakery:NonVeganFriendly, but with minimum count of 1 for which it will then infer that this instance is of type bakery:NonVeganBakedGood.

Jena SHACL Rule Execution Code

The Jena SHACL implementation provides command line scripts (/bin/shaclinfer.sh or /bin/shaclinfer.bat) which takes as arguments a data file and a shape file which can be used to do rule execution. However, for this specific example you have to write your own Java code. The reason being that the scripts creates a default model that has no reasoning support. In this section I provide the SHACL Jena code needed to do the classification of baked goods.

Shacl rule execution

Running the Code

Running the code will cause an inferences.ttl file to be written out to
$Project/src/main/resources/. It contains the following output:

Classification of baked goods

Conclusion

In this post I gave a brief overview of how SHACL can be used to do classification based on some property. This code example is available at shacl tutorial. This post was inspired by a question on Stack Overflow.

If you have any questions regarding SHACL or the semantic web, please leave a comment and I will try to help where I can.

Rule Execution with SHACL

March 14, 2018 4:54 pm / Leave a comment

In my previous post, Using Jena and SHACL to validate RDF Data, I have looked at how RDF data can be validated using SHACL. A closely related concern to that of constraints checking, is rule execution, for which SHACL can also be used.

A SHACL Rule Example

We will again use an example from the SHACL specification. Assume we have the a file rectangles.ttl that contains the following data:

rectangles.ttl

Assuming we want to infer that when the height and width of a rectangle are equal, the rectangle represents a square, the following SHACL rule specification can be used (which we will store in rectangleRules.ttl):

rectangleRules.ttl

A Code Example using Jena

Naturally you will need to add SHACL to your Maven pom dependencies. Then the following code will execute your SHACL rules:

SHACL rule execution using Jena

Running the Code

Running the code will cause an inferences.ttl file to be written out to $Project/src/main/resources/. It contains the following output:

inference.ttl

Note that ex:InvalidRectangle has been ignored because it does not adhere to sh:condition ex:Rectangle, since it does not have ex:height and ex:width properties. Also, ex:NonSquareRectangle is a rectangle, not a square.

Conclusion

In this post I gave a brief overview of how SHACL can be used to implement rules on RDF data. This code example is available at shacl tutorial.

Using Jena and SHACL to validate RDF Data

March 12, 2018 9:52 am / Leave a comment

RDF enables users to capture data in a way that is intuitive to them. This means that data is often captured without conforming to any schema. It is often useful to know that an RDF dataset conforms to some (potential partial) schema. This is where SHACL (SHApe Constraint Language), a W3C standard, comes into play. It is a language for describing and validating RDF graphs. In this post I will give a brief overview of how to use SHACL to validate RDF data using the Jena implementation of SHACL.

A SHACL Example

We will use an example from the SHACL specification. Assume we hav a file person.ttl that contains the following data:

Example RDF data

To validate this data we create a shape definition in personShape.ttl containing:

Person shape definition

A Code Example using Jena

To validate our RDF data using our SHACL shape we will use the Jena implementation of SHACL. Start by adding the SHACL dependency to your Maven pom.xml. Note that you do not need to add Jena as well as the SHACL pom already includes Jena.

SHACL Maven dependency

In the code we will assume the person.ttl and personShape.ttl files are in $Project/src/main/resources/. The code for doing the validation is the following then:

Java code using Jena implementation of SHACL

Running the Code

Running the code will cause a report.ttl file to be written out to $Project/src/main/resources/. We can determine that our data does not conform by checking the sh:conforms property. We have 4 violations of our ex:PersonShape:

For ex:Alice the ex:ssn property does not conform to the pattern defined in the shape.
ex:Bob has 2 ex:ssn properties.
ex:Calvin works for a company that is not of type ex:Company.
ex:Calvin has a property ex:birthDate that is not allowed by ex:PersonShape since it is close by sh:closed true.

A corrected version of our person data may look as follows:

Person data that conforms to our person shape

Conclusion

In this post I have given a brief overview of how SHACL can be used to validate RDF data using the SHACL implementation of Jena. This code example is available at shacl tutorial.

Why does the OWL Reasoner ignore my Constraint?

March 9, 2018 2:42 pm / Leave a comment

A most frustrating problem often encountered by people, with experience in relational databases when they are introduced to OWL ontologies, is that OWL ontology reasoners seem to ignore constraints. In this post I give examples of this problem, explain why they happen and I provide ways to deal with each example.

An Example

A typical example encountered in relational databases is that of modeling orders with orderlines, which can be modeled via Orders and Orderlines tables where the Orderlines table has a foreign key constraint to the Orders table. A related OWL ontology is given in Figure 1. It creates as expected Order and Orderline classes with a hasOrder object property. That individuals of Orderline are necessarily associated with one order is enforced by Orderline being a subclass of hasOrder exactly 1 owl:Thing.

Figure 1: Order ontology

Two Problems

Two frustrating and most surprising errors given the Order ontology are: (1) if an Orderline individual is created for which no associated Order individual exists, the reasoner will not give an inconsistency, and (2) if an Orderline individual is created for which two or more Order individuals exist, the reasoner will also not give an inconsistency.

Missing Association Problem

Say we create an individual orderline123 of type Orderline, which is not associated with an individual of type Order, in this case the reasoner will not give an inconsistency. The reason for this is due to the open world assumption. Informally it means that the only inferences that the reasoner can make from an ontology is based on explicit information stated in the ontology or what can derived from explicit stated information.

When you state orderline123 is an Orderline, there is no explicit information in the ontology that states that orderline123 is not associated with an individual of Order via the hasOrder property. To make explicit that orderline123 is not in such a relation, you have to define orderline123 as in Figure 2. hasOrder max 0 owl:Thing states that it is known that orderline123 is not associated with an individual via the hasOrder property.

Figure 2: orderline123 is not in hasOrder association

Too Many Associated Individuals Problem

Assume we now change our definition of our orderline123 individual to be associated via hasOrder to two individuals of Order as shown in Figure 3. Again, most frustratingly the reasoner does not find that the ontology is inconsistent. The reason for this is that OWL does not make the unique name assumption. This means that individuals with different names can be assumed by the reasoner to represent a single individual. To force the reasoner to see order1 and order2 as necessarily different, you can state order1 is different from order2 by adding DifferentFrom:order2 to order1 (or similarly for order2).

Figure 3: orderline123 has two orders

Constraint Checking versus Deriving Inferences

The source of the problems described here is due to the difference between the
purposes of a relational database and an OWL reasoner. The main purpose of a
relational database is to enable view and edit access of the data in such a way that the integrity of the data is maintained. A relational database will ensure that the data adheres to the constraints of its schema, but it cannot make any claims beyond what is stated by the data it contains. The main purpose of an OWL reasoner is to derive inferences from statements and facts. As an example, from the statement Class: Dog SubclassOf: Animal and the fact Individual: pluto Type: Dog it can be derived that pluto is an Animal, even though the ontology nowhere states explicitly that pluto is an Animal.

Conclusion

Many newcomers to OWL ontologies get tripped up by the difference in purpose of relational databases and OWL ontologies. In this post I explained these pitfalls and how to deal with them.

If you have an ontology modeling problem, you are welcome leaving a comment detailing the problem.

Category Archives: Semantic technologies

Create TDB2 Dataset

Create WRITE Transaction and Write

Create READ Transaction and Read

Release Dataset Resources and Run Application

Conclusion

Java Code

Conclusion

Configuration File

pom.xml File

Java Code

Why you may not want to do this

Conclusion

Why use SHACL and not RDF/RDFS/OWL?

Baked Goods Data

Baked Good Rules

Jena SHACL Rule Execution Code

Running the Code

Conclusion

A SHACL Rule Example

A Code Example using Jena

Running the Code

Conclusion

A SHACL Example

A Code Example using Jena

Running the Code

Conclusion

An Example

Two Problems

Missing Association Problem

Too Many Associated Individuals Problem

Constraint Checking versus Deriving Inferences

Conclusion

Post navigation

`pom.xml` File